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DVD Glossary

A

authoring - creating a DVD by putting content together
-creating navigation structure and menu of a DVD Video title
-a DVD-ROM or DVD-Audio title’s final assembly process

B

bitrate - rate by which digital data is transmitted
-  measured in bits per second (kilobits per second, megabits per second, gigabits per second)
- example: the maximum peak bitrate of a DVD is 9.8 Mbps.
Book A - DVD physical format specification.
Book B - DVD-Video specification.
Book C - DVD-Audio specification.
Book D - DVD-Recordable specification.
Book E - DVD-RAM specification.

Blu-ray - also known as Blu-ray Disc (BD), is the next generation optical disc format. Its main uses are high-definition video and data storage. It is more than five times the capacity of traditional DVDs and can hold up to 25GB on a single-layer disc and 50GB on a dual-layer disc.
- the name Blu-ray Disc is derived from the blu laser (violet-colored) used to read and write this type of disc. Unlike the red laser beam of the DVD which has a wavelength of 650nm (nanometers), Blu-ray can substantially store more data because of its beam's shorter wavelenght (405nm).

C

compression -  process of reducing the bitrate or data rate of an information stream.
--may either be lossy or lossless
-utilized in the reduction of the bitrate and storage requirement for the video with DVD, MPEG-2 Variable Bitrate (VBR)
-. MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Constant Bitrate (CBR) compression may be utilized for DVD video.
-to compress audio on a DVD, Dolby Digital (AC-3)>  encoding, or MPEG-2 encoding may be utilized

D

DVD-R – DVD-Recordable format
-developed primarily by Pioneer
- approved by the DVD Forum

DVD+R - DVD Recordable format
- developed and approved by the DVD+RW alliance.

DVD-RAM - random access DVD rewriteable format
-developed by Matsushita (Panasonic)
-designed for media and data storage
-mostly not compatible with DVD-ROM drives or set-top DVD players

DVD-ROM - basic DVD format
-basis of other DVD formats

DVD-Video - standard which allows videos and movies to be played on set-top DVD players
-may play back high quality standard-definition video on a television.
dye polymer - when exposed to light of a specific wavelength (color) this material was designed to change color

E

encode – data conversion from form to form
-DVD video is encoded with MPEG-1 or MPEG-2.
DVD-Video audio streams can be encoded with Dolby Digital (AC-3), DTS, or MPEG-2
-    Error Correction Code is used for further encoding, with Eight-to-Sixteen modulation.
-    done to reduce the volume of data, to increase the reliability of data recovery from storage or transmission media, or to facilitate transmission or storage

F

formatting – preparation of blank recordable media to enable writing.

fps - Frames per second
-number of still images that put together a motion picture or video system.
-Film (movies) are normally shot and played at 24 fps. NTSC video is 30 fps, and PAL video is 25 fps.
frame - single still picture that shows the shows image on screen.
-the resulting image shows motion as a sufficient number of frames are played in regular sequence.

frame rate - frequency that frames are displayed in a motion picture or video, measured in frames per second (fps).

G

GOP - Group of Pictures.
-MPEG encoding divides a video stream into GOPs
-may be no longer than 18 frames for 525/60 video (NTSC), or 15 frames for 625/50 video (PAL)
-starts with an I frame, and by one or more I, B, or P frames in a regular sequence.

H

horizontal resolution - greatest number of vertical black and white lines that the eye may see through use of a given video system
-DVD provides more than 500 lines of horizontal resolution, while VHS is limited to about 240 lines of horizontal resolution.
The higher the horizontal resolution, the better that detail may be viewed in the video.

I

interlace - frames are shown as 2 fields in this video encoding and display technique, all the odd lines are displayed, after, the even lines are shown.

J

JPEG - Joint Photographic Experts Group
-committee that developed the JPEG standard for still image file compression.

K

KB - Kilobyte. 1024 bytes.
kbps - kilobits per second. 1000 bits per second.

L

layer - DVD-5 discs have one information surface on one side
-    DVD-10 discs have one information surface per side
-     DVD-9 discs have 2 information surfaces on one side, separated by a precise amount (55mm ± 15 mm; 55mm ± 10 mm variation within one disc; ± 4 mm variation within one revolution), formed by the bonding agent.  Information planes are referred to as layers (the first layer is layer 0, layer 1 is at the back of  layer 0). So the read laser can be focused through layer 0 to layer 1, layer 0 should be partially reflective.

M

master - "glass master" used to make the tracks of pits that encode the DVD contents
-copied by electroplating nickel to form a reverse image copy (with bumps instead of pits), called a father.
-also sometimes applied to the reference copy (on DLT or DVD-R) that stands for a finished disc project. This may be called the source in DVD factories.
MPEG - MPEG (Moving Pictures Experts Group)
 -a group that come together under ISO (the International Standards Organization) to create standards for digital video (sequences of images in time) and audio compression.
-meet about four times a year for about a week every meeting. Work occurs in between meetings while it may be planned and organized during the meetings themselves. MPEG is a nickname. The official name is: ISO/IEC JTC1 SC29 WG11.

N

NTSC - National Television Systems Committee.
-made standards for television utilized in the US, which were also adopted by other countries
- first black and white (monochrome) NTSC standard developed in 1941 and adopted by the FCC. In 1953 Color television standards were adopted

O

OPC - Optimum Power Calibration.
-to determine the optimum laser power for recording, DVD Recordable Drives do a test write and read within the lead-in
-lets the burner adjust to individual recordable discs that slightly varies depending on the manufacturer or otherwise

P

premastering - process of preparing a DVD master source
-a term that can elaborate upon a wide range of activities: editing, compression, authoring, multiplexing (creating VOB files), or file structure creation.
-normally includes the writing process (to DVD-R or DLT).

R

random access – ability of directly accessing stored data in an area of a storage medium. Tapes are sequentially accessed. Disks or discs are random access capable.

S

Serial Digital Interface - A professional digital video interface standard that supports a 270 megabit per second connection.
s-video - Separate video connection.
-a connection standard that has separate luma and chroma signals, offering better quality than composite video.

T

time code -  timing signal which permits separate recording for video and/or audio, while synchronization occurs at a later period
- useful for editing.
- recorded along with the audio or video.
title -  biggest unit of DVD-Video disc content. A DVD-Video may carry up to 99 titles.

U

universal DVD - DVD that can be played in both DVD-Video and DVD-Audio players.

V

VBR - Variable Bitrate.
- method of encoding which permits a higher bitrate to be allocated at points in time where a more complex signal is present, while a lower bitrate is utilized when a less complex is present.
-the efficiency of a variable bitrate encoding method may be better (enhanced results at the same number of bits, or less bits for equal results) than a constant bitrate encoding method. DVD allows for MPEG-2 VBR video encoding, as well as MPEG-2 CBR.

W

widescreen - video display or television with an aspect ratio wider than 4:3. The normal widescreen system has an aspect ratio of 16:9.

Y

YUV - class of video signals with one luma and 2 chroma components.

Z

ZCLV - Zoned Constant Linear Velocity.
-disc format standard which utilizes constant linear velocity within zones, but in order to reduce the variation in the angular velocity it makes use of a number of zones
- a compromise between CAV (which gives speedier seek times) and CLV (which offers more storage capacity).
 

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